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Is Coffee Bad for Acid Reflux? Caffeine and Heartburn

Understanding the Sudden Discomfort: Coffee and Your Stomach

For many, coffee is a cherished morning ritual, a comforting routine that signals the start of a new day. But what happens when this beloved beverage suddenly turns against you, causing unexpected stomach discomfort? Let’s dive deep into the world of coffee and its relationship with our digestive system.

1. The Acidic Nature of Coffee

Coffee is inherently acidic, which can be problematic for some individuals. The natural acids in coffee, such as chlorogenic acid, can stimulate the stomach to produce more hydrochloric acid. This increased acid production can lead to symptoms like heartburn, indigestion, or even gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in susceptible individuals.

Did You Know? Dark roasted coffee beans tend to be less acidic than light roasted beans. If acidity is a concern, you might want to opt for a darker roast.

2. The Role of Chicory Root

Chicory root, often added to coffee blends, especially in certain European traditions, is known for its slightly woody and caramelized flavor. While it offers numerous health benefits, including being a source of inulin (a prebiotic fiber), it can also lead to gas, bloating, and other digestive issues in some people.

3. Caffeine: A Double-Edged Sword

While caffeine is the reason many of us turn to coffee, it can also be the culprit behind stomach discomfort. Caffeine stimulates acid production in the stomach, and for those with a heightened sensitivity to caffeine, this can result in acid reflux or similar symptoms.

4. Other Contributing Factors

  • Artificial Additives: Flavored coffees might contain artificial sweeteners or syrups that can irritate the stomach lining.
  • Empty Stomach: Drinking coffee on an empty stomach can increase acid production, leading to discomfort. It’s often recommended to have a small snack before your coffee.
  • Grind Size & Brewing Method: The coarseness of the coffee grind and the brewing method can influence the coffee’s acidity. For instance, cold brew coffee is often less acidic than hot brewed coffee.

5. Exploring Solutions and Alternatives

  • Switch to Low-Acidity Coffee: Brands that offer low-acidity blends can be gentler on the stomach.
  • Milk Alternatives: Almond milk or oat milk can help neutralize coffee’s acidity. Some people also find that these milk alternatives are easier on the digestive system than traditional dairy.
  • Limit Intake: If you’re consuming multiple cups a day, consider cutting back or spacing out your coffee intake.
  • Consultation: Always consult with a healthcare professional if you experience persistent discomfort.

Conclusion

Coffee is a complex beverage with a range of compounds that can interact with our bodies in different ways. By understanding these interactions and making informed choices, you can continue to enjoy your coffee without the discomfort.


FAQs

  1. Why did I suddenly develop coffee sensitivity?
    Sensitivities can evolve over time due to changes in our digestive system, diet, or even stress levels. It’s not uncommon for someone to develop a sensitivity later in life.
  2. Is it the caffeine or the coffee causing the issue?
    While caffeine can be a significant factor, other compounds in coffee can also contribute to discomfort. It might be helpful to compare how you feel after consuming other caffeinated beverages.
  3. How does chicory coffee’s acidity compare to regular coffee?
    Chicory coffee is often considered a low-acid alternative. However, the actual acidity can vary based on the blend and preparation method.
  4. Are there any natural remedies for coffee-induced discomfort?
    Herbal teas like chamomile or ginger can help soothe the stomach. Additionally, drinking water can help dilute stomach acid and reduce symptoms.
  5. Can decaffeinated coffee be a good alternative?
    Decaffeinated coffee has reduced caffeine levels, which might alleviate symptoms for some. However, it still contains other compounds found in regular coffee, so individual reactions can vary.

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Coffee Sensitivity, Acid Reflux, GERD, Chicory Root, Caffeine, Digestive Health, Low-Acidity Coffee, Coffee Alternatives, Heartburn, Stomach Discomfort.

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Teas for Digestion, Bloating, and Gut Health

exotic tea ingredients in small ceramic bowls

For centuries, tea has been cherished not just for its warmth and flavor, but also for its therapeutic properties. From the bustling streets of ancient China to the cozy corners of English homes, tea has been a remedy, a ritual, and a refuge. Among its many health benefits, certain teas are particularly renowned for aiding digestion and promoting gut health. In this guide, we’ll steep ourselves in the knowledge of the best teas to soothe your stomach, reduce bloating, and enhance your gut’s well-being.


1. Why Tea is Beneficial for Digestion

Tea, whether it’s green, black, or herbal, contains a plethora of compounds that can benefit digestion. The magic lies in the polyphenols, tannins, and antioxidants present in tea leaves. These compounds:

  • Reduce Inflammation: Chronic inflammation in the digestive tract can lead to discomfort and various digestive disorders. The anti-inflammatory properties of tea can help soothe this inflammation, promoting a healthier gut.
  • Stimulate Digestive Enzymes: Certain teas can increase the activity of digestive enzymes, aiding in the breakdown of food and enhancing nutrient absorption.
  • Promote Healthy Gut Flora: The polyphenols in tea can act as prebiotics, providing nourishment for beneficial gut bacteria. A balanced gut microbiome is crucial for optimal digestion and overall health.

2. Green Tea: The Digestive Aid

Green tea, made from the unoxidized leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant, is packed with catechins, a type of antioxidant. Here’s how green tea can be a boon for your digestive system:

  • Mild Caffeine Content: The caffeine in green tea is gentle on the stomach and can stimulate the digestive system, aiding in regular bowel movements.
  • Rich in Polyphenols: These compounds can help reduce the symptoms of disorders like Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD).
  • How to Brew: For the best digestive benefits, steep green tea for 1-3 minutes in water that’s just below boiling. Over-steeping or using water that’s too hot can release excessive tannins, making the tea bitter and potentially causing stomach upset.

3. Black Tea: More Than Just a Morning Boost

While black tea is often associated with morning routines and afternoon breaks, its benefits extend far beyond providing a caffeine kick. Black tea undergoes a fermentation process, which:

  • Increases Theaflavins and Thearubigins: These compounds, unique to black tea, have antioxidant properties and can promote a healthy gut lining.
  • Supports Gut Microbiome: Recent studies suggest that black tea can positively influence the gut microbiome, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria and inhibiting harmful ones.
  • How to Brew: Use boiling water and steep black tea for 3-5 minutes. Add a slice of lemon or a dash of honey if preferred, but avoid milk if you’re drinking it for digestive benefits, as milk can neutralize some of the tea’s beneficial compounds.

4. Peppermint Tea: Nature’s Bloating Remedy

Peppermint tea, made from the leaves of the peppermint plant, is a caffeine-free herbal tea known for its soothing properties. Here’s why it’s a favorite for many dealing with digestive woes:

  • Natural Antispasmodic: Peppermint tea can relax the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, which can help relieve symptoms of IBS, including bloating and gas.
  • Promotes Bile Flow: Bile aids in the digestion of fats. Peppermint tea can stimulate the flow of bile, aiding in more efficient digestion.
  • How to Brew: Steep fresh or dried peppermint leaves in boiling water for 5-7 minutes. Enjoy the refreshing, cool flavor, which provides instant relief from digestive discomfort.

5. Chamomile Tea: Calming for a Gassy Stomach

Chamomile, a daisy-like plant, has been used for centuries for its therapeutic properties. When it comes to digestion:

  • Anti-inflammatory Properties: Chamomile tea can help reduce inflammation in the gut, soothing conditions like gastritis or an inflamed intestine.
  • Natural Sedative: Beyond its digestive benefits, chamomile is known to help with sleep and relaxation, which can indirectly benefit digestion. Stress is a known aggravator of digestive issues, so a calm mind can often lead to a calm stomach.
  • How to Brew: Use boiling water to steep chamomile flowers for about 5 minutes. The resulting brew is a golden-hued tea with a gentle, apple-like flavor. Drink it in the evening for its relaxing benefits.

6. Ginger Tea: The Answer to Constipation

Ginger, a root with a spicy kick, is a powerhouse when it comes to digestive health.

  • Stimulates Digestion: Ginger can increase the body’s rhythmic contractions, aiding in moving food down the digestive tract, which can be particularly beneficial for those suffering from constipation.
  • Anti-nausea: One of the most celebrated benefits of ginger tea is its ability to combat nausea, making it a favorite for those suffering from motion sickness or morning sickness during pregnancy.
  • How to Brew: Slice fresh ginger and steep in boiling water for 10 minutes. For added flavor and benefits, you can add a slice of lemon or a spoon of honey. The resulting tea is warm and invigorating, perfect for kickstarting your digestion.

7. Fennel Tea: A Traditional Remedy for Bloating and Gas

Fennel seeds have a licorice-like flavor and have been used in traditional medicine for ages.

  • Reduces Gas: Fennel tea can help relax the muscles in the gut, reducing gas and bloating. It’s also known to help with acid reflux.
  • Diuretic Properties: Fennel tea can help flush out excess water from the system, reducing the feeling of being bloated.
  • How to Brew: Crush fennel seeds slightly to release their oils. Steep in boiling water for 5-7 minutes. The tea has a mild, sweet flavor, making it a pleasant after-meal drink.

As we delve deeper into the world of teas, it’s evident that nature has provided us with a plethora of options to nurture our digestive system. Each tea comes with its unique flavor and set of benefits, making them a delightful and therapeutic addition to our daily routines. In the next sections, we’ll explore even more teas and their benefits, ensuring you’re well-equipped to choose the best brew for your digestive needs.

8. Dandelion Root Tea: The Gentle Detoxifier

Dandelion, often dismissed as a mere weed, is a hidden gem in the world of herbal teas.

  • Liver Support: Dandelion root tea is known to support liver function, which plays a crucial role in digestion and detoxification.
  • Natural Diuretic: This tea can help flush out excess water and toxins from the body, aiding in reducing bloating and promoting a healthy gut.
  • How to Brew: Use dried dandelion root and steep in boiling water for about 10 minutes. The tea has a slightly bitter, earthy taste, which can be balanced with a touch of honey.

9. Licorice Root Tea: Soothing the Stomach Lining

Licorice root has been used in traditional medicine for its myriad of health benefits.

  • Protects Stomach Lining: Licorice root tea can help soothe and protect the stomach lining, making it beneficial for those with gastritis or stomach ulcers.
  • Natural Antacid: This tea can help reduce the production of stomach acid, providing relief from heartburn and acid reflux.
  • How to Brew: Steep sliced licorice root in boiling water for 5-7 minutes. The tea has a naturally sweet flavor, reminiscent of anise or fennel.

10. Slippery Elm Tea: A Balm for the Digestive Tract

Derived from the inner bark of the slippery elm tree, this tea has a unique gel-like consistency when brewed.

  • Soothes the Gut: Slippery elm tea forms a slick gel when mixed with water, which coats and soothes the mucous membranes of the digestive system.
  • Relief from IBS: Its soothing properties can provide relief from symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome, such as diarrhea or constipation.
  • How to Brew: Mix slippery elm powder with cold water to form a paste, then add boiling water while stirring. Allow it to steep for a few minutes. The resulting tea is smooth with a mild, neutral flavor.


FAQs for “The Ultimate Guide to Teas for Digestion and Gut Health”

  1. What makes tea beneficial for digestion? Teas, especially herbal varieties, contain compounds like polyphenols, tannins, and antioxidants that can soothe inflammation, stimulate digestive enzymes, and promote a balanced gut microbiome, aiding in optimal digestion.
  2. How does green tea differ from black tea in aiding digestion? Green tea is rich in catechins and has a mild caffeine content that can stimulate the digestive system. Black tea, on the other hand, undergoes fermentation, increasing its theaflavins and thearubigins content, which can promote a healthy gut lining and positively influence the gut microbiome.
  3. Can I drink these teas daily? Most of these teas can be consumed daily, but it’s essential to listen to your body. Some teas, like green tea, contain caffeine, so moderation is key. If you have specific health concerns or are on medication, it’s best to consult with a healthcare professional.
  4. Are there side effects to drinking too much of any particular tea? While teas are generally safe, excessive consumption of any beverage can lead to side effects. For instance, too much green tea can lead to caffeine-related issues, and excessive licorice root tea might affect blood pressure. It’s always best to enjoy in moderation.
  5. How can I ensure I’m brewing the tea correctly for maximum benefits? Each tea has its optimal brewing temperature and time. Following the guidelines provided in the article ensures that you extract the maximum beneficial compounds without releasing excessive tannins, which can make the tea bitter and potentially irritate the stomach.
  6. Do these teas also help with weight loss? Some teas, like green tea, have been linked to metabolism-boosting properties, which can aid in weight loss. However, for significant weight loss results, it’s essential to combine tea consumption with a balanced diet and regular exercise.
  7. Can I combine different teas for added benefits? Absolutely! Many people create blends using two or more teas. For instance, ginger and chamomile can be combined for a soothing, digestive-boosting brew. However, it’s essential to ensure the flavors and benefits complement each other.

Conclusion

The world of teas is a testament to nature’s incredible ability to heal and nurture. Each brew, from the aromatic blossoms of chamomile to the robust roots of dandelion, brings with it a unique blend of flavors and therapeutic properties. As we’ve journeyed through this guide, it’s evident that these natural infusions offer more than just a comforting sip; they provide a holistic approach to digestive wellness.

Incorporating these teas into our daily routines can be both a pleasure and a remedy. Whether you’re seeking relief from bloating after a hearty meal, or a gentle detox after indulging, there’s a tea tailored to your needs. And beyond their immediate benefits, these teas play a role in long-term gut health, supporting a balanced microbiome and ensuring optimal digestion.

But perhaps the most beautiful aspect of these teas is their simplicity. In a world inundated with complex supplements and medications, there’s something profoundly grounding about turning to nature’s basics. A handful of leaves or roots, some boiling water, and a moment of pause – that’s all it takes to harness the healing power of these teas.

As you explore and experiment with these brews, remember to listen to your body. Everyone’s digestive system is unique, and what works wonders for one might not suit another. Find your blend, embrace the ritual, and let every sip be a step towards better gut health.

Blog Tags for the Post: Digestive Teas, Gut Health, Herbal Remedies, Natural Digestion Aids, Tea Benefits, Brewing Tips, Herbal Infusions, Gut-Boosting Beverages, Digestive Wellness, Natural Detox, Holistic Health, Tea Rituals.

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Best Way to Get Rid of Heartburn: Natural Remedies for Quick Relief

close up photo of a stethoscope

Introduction:

Heartburn, a burning sensation in the chest, often occurs after eating and can be both uncomfortable and concerning. While occasional heartburn is common, frequent episodes can be a sign of a more serious condition called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This guide delves into various natural remedies to alleviate heartburn and related symptoms, offering quick relief without the need for over-the-counter medications.


Natural Remedies for Heartburn:

  • Baking Soda: A teaspoon of baking soda mixed in a glass of water can neutralize stomach acid, providing immediate relief from heartburn.
  • Aloe Vera Juice: Known for its anti-inflammatory properties, drinking aloe vera juice can soothe the stomach lining and reduce the burning sensation.
  • Chewing Gum: Chewing sugar-free gum can stimulate saliva production, which helps neutralize acid and push it back into the stomach.
  • Ginger Tea: Ginger has natural anti-inflammatory properties. Drinking ginger tea can help reduce stomach acid and alleviate heartburn.
  • Apple Cider Vinegar: While it might seem counterintuitive, a tablespoon of apple cider vinegar in water can balance stomach pH and reduce heartburn.
  • Slippery Elm: This herb can coat the esophagus and stomach lining, providing relief from the burning sensation.
  • Eat Smaller Meals: Overeating can cause stomach acid to flow back into the esophagus. Eating smaller, more frequent meals can prevent this.
  • Elevate Your Head: Sleeping with your head elevated can prevent acid from flowing back into the esophagus.
  • Avoid Trigger Foods: Foods like chocolate, spicy dishes, citrus, and caffeine can trigger heartburn. Identifying and avoiding these can reduce episodes.
  • Stay Upright After Eating: Gravity can help keep stomach acid in place. Avoid lying down immediately after meals.

FAQs:

  1. What causes heartburn?
    • Heartburn is caused by stomach acid flowing back into the esophagus. This can be due to overeating, eating trigger foods, or a weak lower esophageal sphincter.
  2. How long does heartburn last?
    • Most episodes of heartburn last for a few hours. However, the duration can vary based on the cause and severity.
  3. Is heartburn a sign of a more serious condition?
    • Occasional heartburn is common. However, frequent heartburn can be a sign of GERD, which requires medical attention.
  4. Can I combine these remedies with over-the-counter medications?
    • While most natural remedies don’t interfere with medications, it’s essential to consult with a healthcare professional if considering combining treatments.
  5. How can I prevent heartburn?
    • Avoiding trigger foods, eating smaller meals, staying upright after eating, and managing stress can help prevent heartburn.

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Heartburn Relief, Natural Remedies, Acid Reflux, GERD, Stomach Acid, Home Treatments, Digestive Health, Upset Stomach, Natural Cures, Heartburn Triggers, Esophageal Health, Quick Relief, Heartburn Prevention, Natural Heartburn Solutions.

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Aloe Vera and Heartburn: The Soothing Natural Remedy

green and gray bird perching on aloe vera plant

Aloe Vera, often dubbed as the “plant of immortality,” has been used for centuries for its myriad of health benefits. From skin care to wound healing, this succulent plant has made its mark in various traditional medicines. But did you know that Aloe Vera can also be a potent remedy for heartburn and acid reflux? Let’s explore the soothing properties of Aloe Vera and how it can provide relief to those suffering from GERD and related conditions.

Aloe Vera: Nature’s Antacid

1. Anti-inflammatory Properties

  • Aloe Vera is renowned for its anti-inflammatory effects. This property can help soothe the inflamed esophagus and stomach lining, providing relief from the burning sensation of heartburn.

2. Alkaline Nature

  • The gel extracted from Aloe Vera leaves is alkaline. Consuming Aloe Vera juice can help neutralize the excess stomach acid, balancing the pH levels in the stomach.

3. Mucilage Content

  • Aloe Vera contains a sticky substance called mucilage. This mucilage forms a protective barrier in the stomach and esophagus, preventing the irritation caused by stomach acid.

4. Laxative Effect

  • Aloe Vera can also act as a mild laxative, aiding in smoother bowel movements. This can be beneficial for those whose GERD symptoms are exacerbated by constipation.

How to Use Aloe Vera for Heartburn Relief

1. Aloe Vera Juice

  • Drinking Aloe Vera juice is one of the most common ways to avail its benefits for acid reflux. Ensure you opt for a product that is free from laxative compounds, often removed and labeled as “decolorized.”

2. Aloe Vera Gel

  • Some people prefer consuming the gel directly from the plant. You can scoop out the gel from an Aloe Vera leaf and consume it. However, ensure it’s washed and cleaned properly.

3. Aloe Vera Supplements

  • For those who might not prefer the taste of Aloe Vera, supplements in the form of capsules or tablets are available. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any supplement.

Precautions and Considerations

While Aloe Vera is generally safe for consumption, it’s essential to be aware of certain considerations:

  • Laxative Effect: As mentioned, Aloe Vera can have a laxative effect. It’s crucial to ensure the juice or gel you consume is free from the compounds causing this effect, especially if consumed regularly.
  • Allergies: Some individuals might be allergic to Aloe Vera. It’s always a good idea to do a patch test or consume a small amount initially to check for any adverse reactions.
  • Medication Interactions: Aloe Vera might interact with certain medications. If you’re on any medication, especially for diabetes or diuretics, consult with a healthcare professional before consuming Aloe Vera.

Conclusion

Aloe Vera offers a natural, soothing remedy for those plagued by the discomfort of heartburn and acid reflux. While it’s not a one-size-fits-all solution, many have found relief by incorporating this plant into their daily regimen. As always, it’s essential to listen to your body and consult with healthcare professionals to find the best solution for your individual needs.

For more insights on natural remedies for heartburn and the effects of certain foods and habits on GERD, check out our comprehensive guides on Natural Remedies for Heartburn Relief and the connection between smoking and GERD.

FAQs

  1. How often can I consume Aloe Vera juice for heartburn?
    • While Aloe Vera juice can be consumed daily, it’s essential to follow the recommended dosage on the product label or consult with a healthcare professional.
  2. Can I use any Aloe Vera plant for extracting gel?
    • Ideally, it’s best to use plants that are mature, typically 3-4 years old, as they contain higher concentrations of the beneficial compounds.
  3. Are there any side effects of consuming Aloe Vera?
    • While Aloe Vera is generally safe, overconsumption might lead to diarrhea, dehydration, or an electrolyte imbalance due to its laxative effect.
  4. Can Aloe Vera juice interact with medications?
    • Yes, especially with drugs for diabetes or diuretics. Always consult with a healthcare professional if you’re on medication.
  5. Is Aloe Vera juice safe for pregnant or breastfeeding women?
    • Pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult with a healthcare professional before consuming Aloe Vera, especially in large amounts.

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Aloe Vera, heartburn, acid reflux, GERD, natural remedy, Aloe Vera juice, Aloe Vera gel, inflammation, stomach acid, pH balance, mucilage, alkaline, laxative, Aloe Vera supplements.

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Smoking and GERD: Can Cigarettes Cause Heartburn?

close up photo of a stethoscope

For many, the act of smoking is a daily ritual, a moment of relaxation, or a social activity. However, the health risks associated with smoking are well-documented, from lung cancer to respiratory diseases. But did you know that smoking can also be a significant contributor to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and heartburn? Let’s delve into the connection between smoking and digestive disorders.

The Connection Between Smoking and GERD

1. Weakening of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES)

  • The LES is a muscular ring that separates the esophagus from the stomach. It acts as a valve, preventing stomach acid from flowing back into the esophagus.
  • Nicotine, a primary component of tobacco, can weaken the LES, making it easier for stomach acid to enter the esophagus, leading to the burning sensation known as heartburn.

2. Production of Stomach Acid

  • Smoking stimulates the production of stomach acid. An increase in acid can exacerbate the symptoms of GERD and increase the risk of developing ulcers and other gastrointestinal issues.

3. Reduction in Saliva Production

  • Saliva plays a crucial role in neutralizing stomach acid. Smoking reduces saliva production, which means less acid-neutralizing capability, leading to prolonged acid exposure in the esophagus.

4. Impaired Esophageal Function

  • Smoking can impair the esophagus’s ability to clear acid, leading to prolonged acid exposure and increased risk of esophageal damage.

Heartburn After Smoking

Many smokers report experiencing heartburn shortly after smoking a cigarette. This immediate reaction can be attributed to the nicotine’s effect on the LES, allowing stomach acid to splash back into the esophagus.

Quitting Smoking and GERD

While quitting smoking is beneficial for overall health, some individuals report an increase in GERD symptoms shortly after quitting. This can be due to the body’s adjustment to the absence of nicotine. However, in the long run, quitting smoking can significantly reduce GERD symptoms and the associated risks.

Other Tobacco Products and GERD

It’s not just cigarettes that can cause heartburn. Chewing tobacco, dipping tobacco, and even certain nicotine replacement therapies can lead to increased acid production and weakened LES function.

Conclusion

While the immediate pleasure of smoking might be tempting, the long-term effects on your digestive health are significant. If you suffer from GERD or frequent heartburn, consider the role smoking might be playing in your symptoms. Quitting smoking can be a significant step towards better digestive health and overall well-being.

For those looking for natural remedies to alleviate heartburn, check out our comprehensive guide on Natural Remedies for Heartburn Relief. Additionally, for a deeper understanding of the effects of certain beverages on GERD, our post on coffee and acid reflux provides valuable insights.

FAQs

  1. How does smoking affect the digestive system?
    • Smoking can weaken the LES, stimulate stomach acid production, reduce saliva production, and impair esophageal function, all of which can contribute to GERD and heartburn.
  2. Is the heartburn I feel after smoking a cigarette temporary?
    • While the immediate heartburn sensation after smoking might be temporary, consistent smoking can lead to chronic GERD symptoms.
  3. I’ve recently quit smoking, but my GERD symptoms seem to have increased. Why?
    • The body might experience increased GERD symptoms shortly after quitting due to its adjustment to the absence of nicotine. However, these symptoms usually decrease over time.
  4. Are other tobacco products safe for GERD sufferers?
    • Chewing tobacco, dipping tobacco, and other tobacco products can also contribute to GERD symptoms due to nicotine and other chemicals.
  5. Can nicotine replacement therapies cause heartburn?
    • Some nicotine replacement therapies can lead to increased acid production and weakened LES function, similar to smoking.

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smoking, GERD, heartburn, cigarettes, nicotine, acid reflux, digestive health, quitting smoking, tobacco, esophagus, stomach acid, LES, saliva production.